Class 10 Science Handwritten Notes

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Credit: Written by brilliant student of class 10 Shrishti Aggarwal, and checked by Shaurya Sharma

Complete NCERT 10th class science notes for quick revision:-

Chemistry

Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations

Chemical reactions are processes in which one or more substances are transformed into new substances.
A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, showing the reactants and products and their relative quantities.
The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products in a chemical reaction.
Reactants are the starting materials in a chemical reaction and products are the substances formed as a result of the reaction.
Types of chemical reactions include synthesis, decomposition, replacement, and redox reactions.

Chapter 2: Acids, Bases, and Salts

Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, and bases are substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.
The pH scale is used to describe the acidity or basicity of a solution, with a pH of 7 considered neutral, a pH less than 7 considered acidic, and a pH greater than 7 considered basic.
Bases can be strong or weak, depending on how completely they dissociate into ions in solution.
Salts are ionic compounds that form from the reaction of an acid and a base.

Chapter 3: Metals and Non-Metals

Metals are elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity, have a shiny appearance, and are malleable and ductile.
Non-metals are elements that are poor conductors of heat and electricity, have a dull appearance, and are not malleable or ductile.
Properties of metals and non-metals can be used to explain their reactivity and their role in chemical reactions.

Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds

Carbon is an element that has the unique ability to form large, complex molecules with a variety of chemical and physical properties.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes are a type of hydrocarbon with only single bonds between the carbon atoms.
Alkenes and alkynes are hydrocarbons with one or more double or triple bonds, respectively.
Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms that give organic compounds characteristic chemical and physical properties.

Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements

The periodic table is a chart that arranges elements into groups based on their atomic number and electron configurations.
Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties, making the periodic table a useful tool for predicting and explaining chemical reactions and properties.
The periodic table is also useful for predicting trends in properties such as atomic size, ionization energy, and electron affinity as you move from one element to the next.

Biology

Chapter 6: Life Processes

Life processes are functions that are essential for the survival and growth of living organisms.
Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain energy and materials from food.
Respiration is the process by which living organisms convert food into energy.
Transportation is the process by which substances are transported within living organisms to support growth and maintain homeostasis.
Excretion is the process by which living organisms remove waste products from their bodies.
Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce offspring, either sexually or asexually.

Chapter 7: Control and Coordination

Control and coordination are essential processes in living organisms that ensure proper functioning and survival.
The nervous system is responsible for control and coordination in animals, using electrical and chemical signals to transmit information and coordinate movement.
The endocrine system is responsible for control and coordination in animals, using hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, and other processes.
The plant kingdom also has mechanisms for control and coordination, including phototropism and geotropism.

Chapter 8: How do Organisms Reproduce?

Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce offspring, either sexually or asexually.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to produce a new organism with unique genetic characteristics.
Asexual reproduction involves the production of offspring without the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring with identical genetic material.
Modes of asexual reproduction include budding, fragmentation, and spore formation.

Chapter 9: Heredity and Evolution

Heredity is the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants demonstrated the principles of dominant and recessive genes, as well as the principles of segregation and independent assortment.
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection states that species change over time through the accumulation of advantageous traits.
Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and comparative biochemistry.

Physics

Chapter 10: Light Reflection and Refraction

Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels in straight lines and can be reflected and refracted.
Reflection of light occurs when light waves encounter a surface and bounce back.
Refraction of light occurs when light waves enter a material with a different refractive index and change direction.
The angle of incidence, angle of reflection, and angle of refraction are related by the laws of reflection and refraction.
Refraction of light is used in lenses and prisms to form images and produce spectra.

Chapter 11: Human Eye and Colorful World

The human eye is a complex optical instrument that captures and processes light to form an image.
The structure of the human eye includes the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, and optic nerve.
The process of vision involves the reflection of light, refraction by the cornea and lens, and the stimulation of photoreceptor cells in the retina.
The perception of color is based on the response of photoreceptor cells in the retina to different wavelengths of light.

Chapter 12: Electricity

Electricity is a form of energy that is associated with the flow of charged particles.
Electric current is the flow of charged particles, and is measured in units of amperes (A).
Electric potential difference, also known as voltage, is the measure of energy per unit charge, and is measured in volts (V).
Electric resistance is the property of a material that resists the flow of electric current, and is measured in ohms (Ω).
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points.

Chapter 13: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Magnetic effects of electric current refer to the interaction between magnetic fields and electric currents.
A magnetic field is a field of force that surrounds a moving electric charge or a current-carrying wire.
The direction of the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire can be determined using the right-hand rule.
Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a conductor.

Chapter 14: Sources of Energy

Energy is an essential resource that is used to power many processes and activities.
Sources of energy can be classified into two categories: renewable and non-renewable.
Renewable sources of energy include solar, wind, hydro, and biomass.
Non-renewable sources of energy include fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and nuclear energy.
It is important to use energy resources in a sustainable manner to conserve them for future generations.

Chapter 15: Our Environment

Our environment encompasses all living and non-living things that surround us.
Environmental problems, such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and global warming, are affecting the health of our planet.
Human activities, such as industrialization, urbanization, and overconsumption of natural resources, are major contributors to environmental degradation.
To protect the environment, it is important to reduce waste, conserve resources, and adopt sustainable practices.

I hope these notes will help you further in your studies of Class 10 Science. Good luck!